The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis

Arctic Council, The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, http://web.arcticportal.org/uploads/4v/cb/4vcbFSnnKFT8AB5lXZ9_TQ/AMSA2009Report.pdf

“Arctic Development and Maritime Transportation: Prospects of the Trans-Arctic Route,” Breaking the Ice Conference, Akureyri, Iceland, March 27-28, 2007, http://www.mfa.is/media/Utgafa/Breaking_The_Ice_Conference_Report.pdf

Scott Borgerson, “Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2008

Svend Aage Christensen, “Are the Northern Sea Routes Really the Shortest?”, DIIS Brief, March 2009, http://www.diis.dk/sw74533.asp  

Coastal Response Research Center, Opening the Arctic Seas: Envisioning Disasters and Framing Solutions, January 2009, http://www.crrc.unh.edu/workshops/arctic_spill_summit/arctic_summit_report_final.pdf

Ben Ellis, “Arctic Marine Transport: Today and Tomorrow,” presentation at the Third Symposium on the Impacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations, June 10, 2009, http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/documents/2009Ice/Day2/Ben_Ellis_Lawson_Brigham_day2.pdf

 Fisheries Working Group, Policy Options for Arctic Environmental Governance, March 5, 2009, www.arctic-transform.org/download/FishEX.pdf

Global Business Network, The Future of Arctic Marine Navigation in Mid-Century, Scenario Narratives Report, Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, May 2008, www.institutenorth.org/servlet/content/reports.html.

Institute of the North, Arctic Marine Transport Workshop, September 28-30, 2004, available at www.arctic.gov/files/AMTW_book.pdf

Ron Macnab, “Coastal Byroads and the Transpolar Turnpike: the Future of Arctic Shipping?” Meridian, Fall/Winter 2008

M.R. Morgan, “Implications of Climate Change on Eastern Canadian Waters,” Canadian Naval Review, Volume 3, Number 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 19-22

“Arctic Development and Maritime Transportation: Prospects of the Trans-Arctic Route,” Breaking the Ice Conference, Akureyri, Iceland, March 27-28, 2007, http://www.mfa.is/media/Utgafa/Breaking_The_Ice_Conference_Report.pdf

 

United States

Admiral Thad Allen, Commandant USCG, Statement on the Coast Guard’s Arctic Presence before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security, August 20, 2009, http://www.uscg.mil/comdt/blog//ArcticPresenceTestimony.doc

Commonwealth North, Why the Arctic Matters: America’s Responsibilities as an Arctic Nation, Study Report, May 2009, http://www.commonwealthnorth.org/documents_cwnorth/Why%20Arctic%20Matters%20Final%205-22-091.pdf

Department of the Navy, U.S. Navy Arctic Roadmap, November 2009, http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/2009/11/us-navy-arctic-roadmap-nov-2009.pdf

National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, November 2008, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf

The Honorable Sean Parnell, “The Strategic Importance of the Arctic in U.S. Policy,” Statement for the Record before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Homeland Security Appropriations, August 20, 2009, http://www.gov.state.ak.us/pdf/GovParnell-ArcticPolicyTestimony_Aug20-2009.pdf

Mead Treadwell, “Is America Prepared for an Accessible Arctic,” presentation to the MARAD Arctic Conference, Washington, June 5, 2008, http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Arctic_Shipping_Conference_Treadwell.pdf

White House, Office of the Press Secretary, National Security Presidential Directive 66 and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD-66/HSPD-25), Arctic Region Policy, January 9, 2009, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-66.htm

Canada

Michael Byers, Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North, Douglas & McIntyre, October 2009  

Brian Flemming, “Canada-U.S. Relations in the Arctic: A Neighborly Proposal,” Canadian Defense and Foreign Affairs Institute, December 2008, www.cdfai.org

Government of Canada, Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future, Ottawa, 2009, http://www.northernstrategy.ca/cns/cns-eng.asp#chp3

Franklyn Griffiths, Towards a Canadian Arctic Strategy, Canadian International Council, June 2009, available at www.canadianinternationalcouncil.org/

Rob Huebert, “Canadian Arctic Maritime Security: the Return to Canada’s Third Ocean,” Canadian Military Journal, Summer 2007

Brian MacDonald, ed., Defense Requirements for Canada’s Arctic, Vimy Paper, the Conference of Defense Associations Institute, 2007, http://www.cda-cdai.ca/cdai/uploads/cdai/2008/12/vimy_paper2.pdf

Norway

Sven Holtsmark, Towards Cooperation or Confrontation?: Security in the High North, NATO Defense College, Research Paper No. 45, February 2009

Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Norwegian Government’s High North Strategy, 2006, http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/strategien.pdf

Kristine Offerdal, “The European Arctic in U.S. Foreign Energy Policy: the Case of the Norwegian High North,” Polar Record 45 (2009), pp. 59-71

William Stoichevski, “Norway Stakes Arctic Claim Nearly to North Pole,” Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine, April 16, 2009, http://www.scandoil.com/moxie-bm2/by_province/americans_offshore/alaska/norway-stakes-arctic-claim-nearly-to-pole.shtml 

Summary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made by Norway in Respect of Areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea, and the Norwegian Sea on 27 November 2006, Adopted by the Commission on 27 March 2009, http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/nor06/nor_rec_summ.pdf

Denmark/Greenland

BBC News, “Denmark Plans Forces for Arctic,”July 16, 2009

Danish Defense Intelligence Agency, Efterretningsmæssig Risikovurderin 2009 (Intelligence-based Risk Assessment 2009), August 2009, (in Danish) http://fe-ddis.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/FE/Pressearkiv/2009/Risikovurdering2009.pdf

Economist, “Divorce Up North?; Greenland’s Future,” November 29, 2008

Government of Denmark, Danish Defense Agreement 2010-2014, Copenhagen, 24 June 2009

Henrik Jedig Jørgensen and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen, “Keep it Cool! Four Scenarios for the Danish Armed Forces in Greenland in 2030,” Danish Institute for Military Studies, May 2009, http://www.difms.dk/?id=14042#/232084/

Russia

Pavel Baev, Russia’s Race for the Arctic and the New Geopolitics of the North Pole, The Jamestown Foundation, October 2007, http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-BaevRussiaArctic.pdf

Agence France-Presse, “Russia to monitor U.S. Arctic submarine exercises; report,” Moscow, March 5, 2009

Marlene Laruelle, “Russia’s Arctic Ambitions: Transforming the ‘Cost of Cold’”, Policy Brief No. 7, Institute for Security & Development Policy, June 2009

Russian Security Council, “Principles of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Until 2020 and Future Perspectives,” Russian Arctic Strategy, September 2008, http://www.scrf.gov.ru/documents/98.html (in Russian)

Katarzyna Zysk, “Russia and the High North: Security and Defense Perspectives,” in Security Prospects in the High North: Geostrategic Thaw or Freeze, NATO Defense College, May 2009

Katarzyna Bozena Zysk, “Russian Military Power and the Arctic,” The EU Russia Center Review, No. 8, October 2008, http://www.eu-russiacentre.org

Army News,“As Ice Melts, NORTHCOM Eyes Arctic Patrols,” May 12, 2008, http://www.navytimes.com/news/2008/05/ap_northernborder_051208/

Sharon Burke, et al., Uncharted Waters: The U.S. Navy and Navigating Climate Change, Center for a New American Security (CNAS) Working Paper, December 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Working%20Paper_CNO_ClimateChange_BurkePatel_Dec2008.pdf

David Gove, Rear Admiral, USN, “Arctic Melt: Reopening a Naval Frontier,” Proceedings Magazine135, no. 2, February 2009

Ronald O’Rourke, “Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, December 2009, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL34391.pdf 

National Research Council, Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: an Assessment of U.S. Needs, Committee on the Assessment of U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Roles and Future Needs, National Academy of Sciences, 2007

Office of Naval Research, Final Report on Naval Operations in an Ice-free Arctic Symposium, April 17-18, 2001, www.natice.noaa.gov/icefree/finalarcticreport.pdf 

Charles Perry, Eric McVadon, and Bobby Andersen, “Sending UCAS to Sea: A Superior Carrier Through the Unmanned Combat Air System”, an unpublished IFPA working paper, April 2009, soon to be posted on the IFPA web site at www.ifpa.org.  

Andrew Revkin, “Experts urge U.S. to increase Icebreaker fleet in Arctic waters”, New York Times, August 17, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/world/europe/17arctic.html  

Jon Rosamond, “USCG plans to determine suitability of assets for cold-weather operations”, Jane’s Defense Weekly, March 20, 2008

CDR W.E. Schlauder, USN, Adapting to a Changing World: The United States, Climate Change, and the Arctic Maritime Commons, Naval War College, November 2007

Mead Treadwell, “U.S. strategic interests in the age of an accessible Arctic… what we need to know and do now,” Testimony before the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Homeland Security Subcommittee, August 20, 2009, http://www.arctic.gov/testimony/treaadwell-08-20-09.pdf

U.S. Arctic Research Commission and National Ice Center, Summary Report, Impact of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations Symposium, July 10-12, 2007,  http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/documents/2007IceSymp/Summary_Report_2007.pdf

 United States Coast Guard, The U.S. Coastguard Strategy for Maritime Safety, Security, and Stewardship, Washington, D.C., January 2007, http://www.uscg.mil/COMDT/speeches/docs/CGS-Final.pdf

Scott Borgerson, The National Interest and the Law of the Sea, Council Special Report No. 46, May 2009

Joshua Busby, Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action, Council on Foreign Relations, CSR No. 32, November 2007, http://www.cfr.org/publication/14862

Hans Corell, “Reflections on the Possibilities and Limitations of a Binding Legal Regime for the Arctic,” Arctic Frontiers, Tromsø, January 22, 2007, available at www.arctic-frontiers.com

Charles Ebinger and E. Zambetakis, “The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt,” International Affairs 85: 6 (2009), pp. 1215-1232, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/11_arctic_melt_ebinger_zambetakis/11_arctic_melt_ebinger_zambetakis.pdf

European Security and Defense Assembly, Assembly of the Western European Union, Europe’s Northern Security Dimension, Document A/2016, December 4, 2008, http://www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2008/2016.php 

Alf Håkon Hoel, “The High North Legal-Political Regime,” in Security Prospects in the High North: Geostrategic Thaw or Freeze, NATO Defense College, May 2009

Rob Huebert and Brooks Yeager, “A New Sea.  The Need for a Regional Agreement on Management and Conservation of the Arctic Marine Environment,” Oslo: WWF International Arctic Programme, January 2008, http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/publications/?uNewsID=122260

“The Ilulissat Declaration. Arctic Ocean Conference.” Ilulissat, Greenland, 27-29 May 2008, http://oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf

Timo Koivurova and Erik Molenaar, “International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic,” A report prepared for the WWF International Arctic Programme, Oslo: WWF Arctic Programme, 20 January 2009, http://www.wwf.se/source.php/1223579/International%20Governance%20and%20Regulation%20of%20the%20Marine%20Arctic.pdf

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, NATO Secretary General, "Security Prospects in the High North, Reykjavik, Iceland," speech, January 29, 2009, http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2009/s090129a.html  

Thorvald Stoltenberg, Nordic Cooperation on Foreign and Security Policy, proposal presented to the extraordinary meeting of Nordic foreign ministers, Oslo, Norway, February 2009, http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/nordic_report.pdf

“Tromsø Declaration on the Occasion of the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council,” Tromsø, Norway, April 29, 2009, http://arctic-council.org/filearchive/Tromsoe%20Declaration-1..pdf

Oran Young, “Whither the Arctic?  Conflict or Cooperation in the Circumpolar North,” Polar Record 45 (2009), pp. 73-82