New Strategic Dynamics in the Arctic Region: Implications for National Security and International Collaboration
Selected Readings
Following are publications and other literature on major topics that this project addresses.
- Arctic Sea Lanes
& Resource Access - Competing Nat'l Interests
& Potential Conflicts - U.S. Capabilities
& Capability Gaps - Governance
&
Intern'l Cooperation
-
Arctic Sea Lanes & Resource Access
Arctic Council, The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report
available for download"Arctic Development and Maritime Transportation: Prospects of the Trans-Arctic Route," Breaking the Ice Conference, Akureyri, Iceland, March 27–28, 2007
available for downloadScott Borgerson, "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming," Foreign Affairs, March/April 2008
Svend Aage Christensen, "Are the Northern Sea Routes Really the Shortest?", DIIS Brief, March 2009
available onlineCoastal Response Research Center, Opening the Arctic Seas: Envisioning Disasters and Framing Solutions, January 2009
available for downloadBen Ellis, "Arctic Marine Transport: Today and Tomorrow," presentation at the Third Symposium on the Impacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations, June 10, 2009
available for downloadFisheries Working Group, Policy Options for Arctic Environmental Governance, March 5, 2009
available for downloadGlobal Business Network, The Future of Arctic Marine Navigation in Mid-Century, Scenario Narratives Report, Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, May 2008
available onlineInstitute of the North, Arctic Marine Transport Workshop, September 28–30, 2004
available for downloadInternational Boundaries Research Unit, Durham University, “Maritime Jurisdiction and Boundaries in the Arctic Region,” February 14, 2011
available onlineJames Kraska, ed., Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, July 25, 2011
Ron Macnab, "Coastal Byroads and the Transpolar Turnpike: the Future of Arctic Shipping?" Meridian, Fall/Winter 2008
M.R. Morgan, "Implications of Climate Change on Eastern Canadian Waters," Canadian Naval Review 3, no. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 19–22
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Arctic Report Card: Update for 2010
available onlineGeneral Joe Ralston, “From Sea to Shining Sea to Arctic Ocean,” Washington Times, May 16, 2011
available onlineNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), “Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis”
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Competing Nat'l Interests & Potential Conflicts
United States
Admiral Thad Allen, Commandant USCG, Statement on the Coast Guard's Arctic Presence before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security, August 20, 2009
available onlineCommonwealth North, Why the Arctic Matters: America's Responsibilities as an Arctic Nation, Study Report, May 2009
available for downloadDepartment of Defense, “DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011,” news release, April 8, 2011
available onlineDepartment of Defense, OUSD (Policy), Report to Congress on Arctic Operations and the Northwest Passage, May 2011
available for downloadDepartment of Homeland Security, The Coast Guard's Polar Icebreaker Maintenance, Upgrade, and Acquisition Program, Office of Inspector General, January 2011
available for downloadDepartment of the Navy, U.S. Navy Arctic Roadmap, November 2009
available for downloadDepartment of the Navy, Navy Climate Change Roadmap, May 21, 2010
available for downloadCAPT Tim Gallaudet, USN, Deputy Director, Task Force Climate Change, Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, “U.S. Navy Arctic Engagement: Challenges and Opportunities,” November 16, 2010, briefing presented at the "Intelligence Support to the Arctic" conference, November 16–17, 2010, Chantilly, VA.
available for downloadIngrid Lundestad, U.S. Security Policy in the European Arctic in the Early 21st Century, Paper presented at the 51st ISA Convention in New Orleans, February 2010
available for downloadNational Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, November 2008
available for downloadRonald O'Rourke, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, January 21, 2011
available for downloadThe Honorable Sean Parnell, "The Strategic Importance of the Arctic in U.S. Policy," Statement for the Record before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Homeland Security Appropriations, August 20, 2009
available for downloadRADM David Titley and Courtney St. John, “Arctic Security Considerations and the U.S. Navy’s Roadmap for the Arctic,” Naval War College Review 63, no 2, Spring 2010
available onlineMead Treadwell, “State of Alaska: America’s Energy Solution,” briefing given at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C., July 12, 2011
available for downloadMead Treadwell, "Is America Prepared for an Accessible Arctic," presentation to the MARAD Arctic Conference, Washington, June 5, 2008
available for downloadWhite House, Office of the Press Secretary, National Security Presidential Directive 66 and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD-66/HSPD-25), Arctic Region Policy, January 9, 2009
available onlineCanada
Michael Byers, Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North, Douglas & McIntyre, October 2009
Chip Cummins, “Canada Presses Claims over a Chunk of Arctic,” Wall Street Journal, September 28, 2011
available onlineBrian Flemming, "Canada-U.S. Relations in the Arctic: A Neighborly Proposal," Canadian Defense and Foreign Affairs Institute, December 2008
available onlineCanada's Arctic Sovereignty, House of Commons Canada, Report of the Standing Committee on National Defense, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, June 2010
available onlineGovernment of Canada, Canada's Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future, Ottawa, 2009
available onlineGovernment of Canada, Statement on Canada's Arctic Foreign Policy, Ottawa, August 2010
available for downloadFranklyn Griffiths, Towards a Canadian Arctic Strategy, Canadian International Council, June 2009
available onlineFranklyn Griffiths, Rob Huebert, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Canada and the Changing Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Stewardship, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, November 2011
Rob Huebert, "Canadian Arctic Maritime Security: the Return to Canada's Third Ocean," Canadian Military Journal, Summer 2007
Rob Huebert, “Polar Frontiers,” Armed Forces Journal, March 2010
available onlineJohn Ivison, “NORAD May Add Sea, Land Defense,” National Post, February 11, 2011
available onlineBrian MacDonald, ed., Defense Requirements for Canada's Arctic, Vimy Paper, the Conference of Defense Associations Institute, 2007
available for downloadNorway
Daniel Fjærtoft et al., Commerciality of Arctic Offshore Gas: A Comparative Study of the Snøhvit and Burger Fields, Econ Pöyry, Working Paper no. 2, 2011
Josiane Kremer, “Statoil Oil Field Is ‘Twin’ of Barents Sea’s Biggest Find,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 9, 2012,
available onlineSven Holtsmark, Towards Cooperation or Confrontation?: Security in the High North, NATO Defense College, Research Paper No. 45, February 2009
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The Treaty on Maritime Delimitation between Norway and Russia,” September 15, 2010
available onlineNorwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Norwegian Government's High North Strategy, 2006
available for downloadKristine Offerdal, "The European Arctic in U.S. Foreign Energy Policy: the Case of the Norwegian High North," Polar Record 45 (2009), pp. 59-71
Reuters, “Norway Says Arctic Gas Pipeline Could Open by 2020,” January 17, 2012,
available onlineReuters, “Norway Hails Barents Treaty OK by Russian Duma,” March 26, 2011
available onlineWilliam Stoichevski, "Norway Stakes Arctic Claim Nearly to North Pole," Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine, April 16, 2009
available onlineSummary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made by Norway in Respect of Areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea, and the Norwegian Sea on 27 November 2006, Adopted by the Commission on 27 March 2009
available for downloadDenmark/Greenland
BBC News, "Denmark Plans Forces for Arctic,"July 16, 2009
Danish Defense Intelligence Agency, Efterretningsmæssig Risikovurderin 2009 (Intelligence-based Risk Assessment 2009), August 2009 (in Danish)
available for downloadDanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011-2020, August 2011,
available online"Divorce Up North? Greenland's Future," Economist, November 29, 2008
Government of Greenland, Greenland Mineral Exploration Brief in Figures, Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, September 2011,
available for downloadGovernment of Denmark, Danish Defense Agreement 2010-2014, Copenhagen, June 24,2009
Henrik Jedig Jørgensen and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen, "Keep it Cool! Four Scenarios for the Danish Armed Forces in Greenland in 2030," Danish Institute for Military Studies, May 2009
available onlineAnnika Bergman Rosamond, Perspectives on Security in the Arctic Area, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) Report, no. 9, 2011
avaliable onlineRussia
Agence France-Presse, "Russia to monitor U.S. Arctic submarine exercises; report," Moscow, March 5, 2009
Pavel Baev, Russia's Race for the Arctic and the New Geopolitics of the North Pole, The Jamestown Foundation, October 2007
available for download“It's a Deal,” Barents Observer, March 30, 2011
available onlineStephen Bierman and Ilya Khrennikov, “Exxon Gains Access to Arctic Frontier with Rosneft Deal,” Bloomberg Businessweek, September 2, 2011
available onlineCharles Emmerson, “Russia’s Arctic Opening,” Foreign Policy, March 2011,
available onlineDmitry Gorenburg, “Russia’s Arctic Security Strategy,” Russian Analytical Digest, no. 96, May 12, 2011
International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Russian Navy’s Regeneration Plans,” Strategic Comments 17, comment 8, February 2011
Marlene Laruelle, "Russia's Arctic Ambitions: Transforming the 'Cost of Cold,'" Policy Brief No. 7, Institute for Security & Development Policy, June 2009
Russian Security Council, "Principles of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Until 2020 and Future Perspectives," Russian Arctic Strategy, September 2008 (in Russian)
available onlineDmitri Trenin and Pavel Baev, The Arctic: A View from Moscow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010
available for downloadKatarzyna Zysk, “Russia’s Arctic Strategy: Ambitions and Constraints,” Joint Force Quarterly, issue 57 (Second Quarter 2010)
available for downloadKatarzyna Zysk, "Russia and the High North: Security and Defense Perspectives," in Security Prospects in the High North: Geostrategic Thaw or Freeze, NATO Defense College, May 2009
Katarzyna Bozena Zysk, "Russian Military Power and the Arctic," The EU Russia Center Review, no. 8, October 2008
available onlineIceland, Finland, and Sweden
Ministry for Foreign Affairs, A Parliamentary Resolution on Iceland's Arctic Policy, May 5, 2011
available onlinePrime Minister's Office Publications, Finland's Strategy for the Arctic Region, August 2010
available for downloadMinistry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden's Strategy for the Arctic Region, May 12, 2011,
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U.S. Capabilities & Capability Gaps
Army News, "As Ice Melts, NORTHCOM Eyes Arctic Patrols," May 12, 2008
available onlineLance M. Bacon, “Ice Breaker,” Armed Forces Journal, March 2010
available onlineSharon Burke, et al., Uncharted Waters: The U.S. Navy and Navigating Climate Change, Center for a New American Security (CNAS) Working Paper, December 2008
available for downloadDavid Gove, Rear Admiral, USN, "Arctic Melt: Reopening a Naval Frontier," Proceedings Magazine135, no. 2, February 2009
Lawrence Korb, Sean Duggan, and Laura Conley, Building a U.S. Coast Guard for the 21st Century, Center for American Progress, June 2010
available for downloadDavid Larter, “U.S. Coast Guard Funds Fifth NSC; Emphasizes Arctic,” Defense News, February 21, 2011
available onlineRonald O'Rourke, "Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress," Congressional Research Service, December 2009
available for downloadNational Research Council, National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces, National Academies Press, March 2011
available onlineNational Research Council, Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: an Assessment of U.S. Needs, Committee on the Assessment of U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Roles and Future Needs, National Academy of Sciences, 2007
Office of Naval Research, Final Report on Naval Operations in an Ice-free Arctic Symposium, April 17–18, 2001
available for downloadCharles Perry, Eric McVadon, and Bobby Andersen, "Sending UCAS to Sea: A Superior Carrier Through the Unmanned Combat Air System", an unpublished IFPA working paper, April 2009
available soonAndrew Revkin, "Experts urge U.S. to increase Icebreaker fleet in Arctic waters", New York Times, August 17, 2008
available onlineJon Rosamond, "USCG plans to determine suitability of assets for cold-weather operations", Jane's Defense Weekly, March 20, 2008
CDR W.E. Schlauder, USN, Adapting to a Changing World: The United States, Climate Change, and the Arctic Maritime Commons, Naval War College, November 2007
Mead Treadwell, "U.S. strategic interests in the age of an accessible Arctic… what we need to know and do now," Testimony before the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Homeland Security Subcommittee, August 20, 2009
available for downloadU.S. Arctic Research Commission and National Ice Center, Summary Report, Impact of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations Symposium, July 10–12, 2007
available for downloadUnited States Coast Guard, The U.S. Coastguard Strategy for Maritime Safety, Security, and Stewardship, Washington, D.C., January 2007
available for downloadUnited States Government Accountability Office (GAO), Coast Guard: Efforts to Identify Arctic Requirements Are Ongoing, but More Communications about Agency Planning Efforts Would Be Beneficial, Report to Congressional Requesters, September 2011
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Governance Issues & Intern'l Cooperation
Alyson J.K. Bailes, “NATO and the EU in the North: What Is at Stake in Current Strategy Development?” Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, no. 23, 2010
available for downloadPaul Arthur Berkman, “Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean: Promoting Co-operation and Preventing Conflict,” RUSI Whitehall Papers, September 2010
Scott Borgerson, The National Interest and the Law of the Sea, Council Special Report no. 46, May 2009
Lawson Brigham, “Think Again: The Arctic,” Foreign Policy, September/October 2010
available onlineJoshua Busby, Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action, Council on Foreign Relations, CSR no. 32, November 2007
available onlineHans Corell, "Reflections on the Possibilities and Limitations of a Binding Legal Regime for the Arctic," Arctic Frontiers, Tromsø, January 22, 2007
available onlineCharles Ebinger and E. Zambetakis, "The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt," International Affairs 85, no. 6 (2009), pp. 1215-1232
available for downloadEuropean Security and Defense Assembly, Assembly of the Western European Union, Europe's Northern Security Dimension, Document A/2016, December 4, 2008
available onlineAlf Håkon Hoel, "The High North Legal-Political Regime," in Security Prospects in the High North: Geostrategic Thaw or Freeze, NATO Defense College, May 2009
Government Offices of Sweden, Sweden's Chairmanship Programme for the Arctic Council 2011–2013,
available onlineRob Huebert and Brooks Yeager, "A New Sea. The Need for a Regional Agreement on Management and Conservation of the Arctic Marine Environment" (Oslo: WWF International Arctic Programme), January 2008
available for download"The Ilulissat Declaration. Arctic Ocean Conference," Ilulissat, Greenland, 27–29 May 2008
available for downloadTimo Koivurova et al., “The Present and Future Competence of the European Union in the Arctic,” Polar Record, July 8, 2011
available onlineTimo Koivurova and Erik Molenaar, "International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic," A report prepared for the WWF International Arctic Programme (Oslo: WWF Arctic Programme), 20 January 2009
available for downloadNATO, “Partnerships: A Cooperative Approach to Security,” May 16, 2011,
available onlineNATO Parliamentary Assembly Committee, Security at the Top of the World: Is There a NATO Role in the High North? Report, 2010 Annual Session
available onlineJaap de Hoop Scheffer, NATO Secretary General, "Security Prospects in the High North, Reykjavik, Iceland," speech, January 29, 2009,
available onlineThorvald Stoltenberg, Nordic Cooperation on Foreign and Security Policy, proposal presented to the extraordinary meeting of Nordic foreign ministers, Oslo, Norway, February 2009
available for download"Tromsø Declaration on the Occasion of the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council," Tromsø, Norway, April 29, 2009
available for downloadOran Young, "Whither the Arctic? Conflict or Cooperation in the Circumpolar North," Polar Record 45 (2009), 73–82
U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, “Secretary Clinton Signs the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement with Other Arctic Nations,” fact sheet, May 12, 2011,
available online